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A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones , enzymes , toxins , and antimicrobial peptides . Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A nuclear localization signal (NLS) is a target peptide that directs proteins to the nucleus and is often a unit consisting of five basic, positively charged amino acids. The NLS normally is located anywhere on the peptide chain. A nuclear export signal (NES) is a target peptide that directs proteins from the nucleus back to the cytosol. It ...
Secretion in bacterial species means the transport or translocation of effector molecules. For example: proteins, enzymes or toxins (such as cholera toxin in pathogenic bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholerae) from across the interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell to its exterior. Secretion is a very important mechanism in bacterial ...
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ note 1 ] Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle , different intracellular membranes , the plasma membrane , or to the exterior of the cell via secretion .
The translocon (also known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes. [1] In eukaryotes the term translocon most commonly refers to the complex that transports nascent polypeptides with a targeting signal sequence into the interior (cisternal or lumenal) space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from ...
Fig. 2 Membrane vesicle trafficking Mechanism (A–E), proposed for release (stages A–C) of outer membrane vesicles, OMVs from gram-negative bacteria in analogy of soap-bubble formation from a bubble-tube assembly (RC in stage C) of rivet complexes, RC, and their translocation (stage D) to animal host/target cell, TC. General secretory ...
Hundreds of proteins encoded by the nucleus are required for mitochondrial metabolism, growth, division, and partitioning to daughter cells, and all of these proteins must be imported into the organelle. [8] Translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) and translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) mediate the import of proteins into the mitochondrion ...
With microsomes there, cell-free protein synthesis demonstrates cotranslational transport of the protein into the microsome and therefore the removal of the signal sequence. This process produces a mature protein chain. Studies have looked into the cell-free protein synthesis process when microsomes have their bound ribosomes stripped away from ...