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Big data ethics, also known simply as data ethics, refers to systemizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct in relation to data, in particular personal data. [1] Since the dawn of the Internet the sheer quantity and quality of data has dramatically increased and is continuing to do so exponentially.
Information privacy is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, contextual information norms, and the legal and political issues surrounding them. [1] It is also known as data privacy [2] [3] or data protection.
The directive contains a number of key principles with which member states must comply. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight enforceable principles of good practice. [10] They state that the data must be: Fairly and lawfully processed. Processed for limited purposes. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. Accurate.
The core principles of privacy addressed by these principles are: 1. Notice/Awareness [12] Consumers should be given notice of an entity's information practices before any personal information is collected from them. [12] This requires that companies explicitly notify some or all of the following: identification of the entity collecting the data;
Article 5 sets out six principles relating to the lawfulness of processing personal data. The first of these specifies that data must be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner. Article 6 develops this principle by specifying that personal data may not be processed unless there is at least one legal basis for doing so.
The Data Project used rankings from Open Data Watch to explore how the U.S. compares to other countries in data transparency and openness.
The principles of privacy by design "remain vague and leave many open questions about their application when engineering systems". The authors argue that "starting from data minimization is a necessary and foundational first step to engineer systems in line with the principles of privacy by design".
In 1980, the OECD issued recommendations for protection of personal data in the form of eight principles. These were non-binding and in 1995, the European Union (EU) enacted a more binding form of governance, i.e. legislation, to protect personal data privacy in the form of the Data Protection Directive. [8]