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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 [1] or Gzerot Tatnó [2] (Hebrew: גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade in the year 1096 (4856 in the Hebrew calendar).
The German historian Carl Erdmann presented a significant challenge, theorising that crusading was a political ideology within Western society rather than a glamourised frontier conflict. In 1965 Hans Eberhard Mayer's Geschichte der Kreuzzuge —History of the Crusades— raised questions of the definition of crusading. Riley-Smith straddled ...
The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975), [114] and Norman Housley's The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992) [115] and The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700 (1995). [116] Barbara Tuchman's A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of ...
Other current researchers include Christopher Tyerman (born 1953) whose God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006) [208] is regarded as the definitive account of all the crusades. In his An Eyewitness History of the Crusades (2004), [209] Tyerman provides the history of the crusades told from original eyewitness sources, both Christian and ...
22 September. The German forces of the Crusade of 1197 arrive at Acre. [81] 28 September. Henry VI of Germany dies of malaria at Messina, while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper Alexios III Angelos. [44] 28 November. The German crusaders fail to take the city during the Siege of Toron, which lasts until 2 February 1198. [82]
His research also emphasizes the importance of including popular crusades and unsanctioned outbreaks in the broader study of the crusading movement, arguing that rigid definitions can obscure the complexity and variety of the phenomenon. He notes that historians have "reinvented" or reinterpreted the crusades throughout history. [97] [98]
The list of collections of Crusader sources provides those collections of original sources for the Crusades from the 17th century through the 20th century. These include collections, regesta and bibliotheca, and provide valuable insight into the historiography of the Crusades though the identification of the various editions and translations of the sources, as well as commentary on these sources.