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Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterial species of the Bacteroidota phylum. It has been implicated in periodontal diseases and is a member of the red complex of periodontal pathogens. [1] T. forsythia was previously named Bacteroides forsythus and Tannerella forsythensis. [2] [3] [4] [5]
The red complex is a group of bacteria that are categorized together based on their association with severe forms of periodontal disease. [1] The red complex—among a number of other complexes—were classified by Sigmund Socransky in 1998.
Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic bacterial species and is implicated in periodontal diseases. [11] The high conservation of the sialic acid catabolism and transport operon in T. forsythia illustrates a human-specific adaptation due to the close relationship with the human host. [12] T. forsythia is believed to have co-evolved with humans. [12]
Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis.. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses.
Treponema denticola is one of three bacteria that form the Red Complex, the other two being Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Together they form the major virulent pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. [3] Having elevated T. denticola levels in the mouth is considered one of the main etiological agents of periodontitis.
It alone cannot damage the tooth enamel, but worsen the damage done by other bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, [6] Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. [5] S. sputigena was first noted by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683 from his microscopic observation of his own sputum. [7]
The signs and symptoms of Lemierre's syndrome vary, but usually start with a sore throat, fever, and general body weakness. These are followed by extreme lethargy, spiked fevers, rigors, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and a swollen, tender or painful neck.
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