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  2. Human nature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nature

    In contrast to Rousseau, David Hume was a critic of the oversimplifying and systematic approach of Hobbes, Rousseau, and some others whereby, for example, all human nature is assumed to be driven by variations of selfishness. Influenced by Hutcheson and Shaftesbury, he argued against oversimplification. On the one hand, he accepted that, for ...

  3. Evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

    Reference to evidence is made in many different fields, like in science, in the legal system, in history, in journalism and in everyday discourse. [7] [8] [9] A variety of different attempts have been made to conceptualize the nature of evidence. These attempts often proceed by starting with intuitions from one field or in relation to one ...

  4. Empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

    Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from ...

  5. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    Empirical evidence is evidence obtained through sense experience or experimental procedure. It is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law. There is no general agreement on how the terms evidence and empirical are to be defined. Often different fields work with quite different ...

  6. A priori and a posteriori - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori

    Examples include mathematics, [i] tautologies and deduction from pure reason. [ii] A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon, a collection of works by Aristotle.

  7. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others. Serial position effect: That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered. [178]

  8. Evidentiality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentiality

    In linguistics, evidentiality [1] [2] is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential (also verificational or validational ) is the particular grammatical element ( affix , clitic , or particle ) that indicates evidentiality.

  9. Is–ought problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is–ought_problem

    An example of the above is that of the concepts "finite parts" and "wholes"; they cannot be defined without reference to each other and thus with some amount of circularity, but we can make the self-evident statement that "the whole is greater than any of its parts", and thus establish a meaning particular to the two concepts.