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A 2015 review examined 170 studies on colony collapse disorder and stressors for bees, including pathogens, agrochemicals, declining biodiversity, climate change and more. The review concluded that "a strong argument can be made that it is the interaction among parasites, pesticides, and diet that lies at the heart of current bee health problems."
The picture for domesticated pollinator species is less clear. Although the number of managed honey bee colonies in Europe and North America declined by 25% and 59% between 1985-2005 and 1947-2005 respectively, overall global stocks increased due to major hive number increases in countries such as China and Argentina.
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear. While such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of apiculture , the term colony collapse disorder was first applied to a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western honey bee colonies in ...
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Varroa in combination with viral vectors and bacteria have been theoretically implicated in colony collapse disorder. [ citation needed ] It is known that thymol , a compound produced by thyme , naturally occurring in thyme honey, is a treatment for Varroa , though it may cause bee mortality at high concentrations. [ 2 ]
The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The genus name Apis is Latin for 'bee', and mellifera is the Latin for 'honey-bearing' or 'honey-carrying', referring to the species' production of honey.
The blackness on the bee on the right is a symptom of CBPV. Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) commonly affects adult Apis mellifera honey bees and causes a chronic paralysis that can easily spread to other members of a colony. Bees infected with CBPV begin to show symptoms after 5 days and die a few days after. [1]
When the colony becomes weak from AFB infection, robber bees may enter and take contaminated honey back to their hives, thereby spreading the disease to other colonies and apiaries. [12] Beekeepers also may spread disease by moving equipment (frames or supers) from contaminated hives to healthy ones.