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Each vertex represents an element of the free group, and each edge represents multiplication by a or b. In mathematics, the free group F S over a given set S consists of all words that can be built from members of S, considering two words to be different unless their equality follows from the group axioms (e.g. st = suu −1 t but s ≠ t −1 ...
The efficiency of a thermoelectric device for electricity generation is given by , defined as =.. The maximum efficiency of a thermoelectric device is typically described in terms of its device figure of merit where the maximum device efficiency is approximately given by [7] = + ¯ + ¯ +, where is the fixed temperature at the hot junction, is the fixed temperature at the surface being cooled ...
Infinite groups can also have finite generating sets. The additive group of integers has 1 as a generating set. The element 2 is not a generating set, as the odd numbers will be missing. The two-element subset {3, 5} is a generating set, since (−5) + 3 + 3 = 1 (in fact, any pair of coprime numbers is, as a consequence of Bézout's identity).
Each non-identity element by itself is a generator for the whole group. In mathematics and physics , the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts. The underlying concept in each case is that of a smaller set of objects, together with a set of operations that can be applied to it, that result in the ...
Every set can be the basis of a free abelian group, which is unique up to group isomorphisms. The free abelian group for a given basis set can be constructed in several different but equivalent ways: as a direct sum of copies of the integers, as a family of integer-valued functions, as a signed multiset, or by a presentation of a group.
McCullough and Wade [18] extended this approach, which produces all Pythagorean triples when k > h √ 2 /d: Write a positive integer h as pq 2 with p square-free and q positive. Set d = 2pq if p is odd, or d= pq if p is even. For all pairs (h,k) of positive integers, the triples are given by
In mathematics, a factor system (sometimes called factor set) is a fundamental tool of Otto Schreier’s classical theory for group extension problem. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It consists of a set of automorphisms and a binary function on a group satisfying certain condition (so-called cocycle condition ).
Designed experiments with full factorial design (left), response surface with second-degree polynomial (right) In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.