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There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and ...
The Brucejack mine is a Canadian gold and silver mine located 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of the District of Stewart in British Columbia. The mine is underground and is owned and operated by Newmont. [3] In 2020, the mine produced an output of 347,743 ounces of gold and 472,163 ounces of silver. [1]
Underground construction has a number of unique risks and challenges but shares a lot with traditional construction and mining. Underground construction workers often work under reduced light condition, in dangerous spaces, and are at a high risk of exposure to contaminants, fire, and explosions.
The basics of mining engineering includes finding, extracting, and preparing minerals, metals and coal. These mined products are used for electric power generation and manufacturing industries. Mining engineers also supervise the construction of underground mine operations and create ways to transport the extracted minerals to processing plants.
In the United States, Consol Energy's Shoemaker Mine, covering a large area east of Benwood, West Virginia was the last underground coal mine to use rail haulage. Starting in 2006, 12 miles of underground conveyor belt and 2.5 miles of above ground conveyor belt were installed. The last load of coal was hauled by rail in January 2010.
Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
An adit (from Latin aditus, entrance) [1] or stulm [2] is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage to an underground mine. [3] Miners can use adits for access, drainage, [4] ventilation, and extracting minerals at the lowest convenient level. [1] Adits are also used to explore for mineral veins. [1]
A drum hoist (steel wire rope visible) and motor. In underground mining a hoist or winder [1] is used to raise and lower conveyances within the mine shaft.Modern hoists are normally powered using electric motors, historically with direct current drives utilizing Ward Leonard control machines and later solid-state converters (), although modern large hoists use alternating current drives that ...
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