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A financial intermediary is an institution or individual that serves as a "middleman" among diverse parties in order to facilitate financial transactions.Common types include commercial banks, investment banks, stockbrokers, insurance and pension funds, pooled investment funds, leasing companies, and stock exchanges.
Many authors have argued that modeling incomplete markets and other sorts of financial frictions is crucial to explain the counterfactual predictions of the standard Complete Market models. The most notable example is the equity premium puzzle Mehra and Prescott (1985), [3] where the Complete Market model failed to explain the historical high ...
In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958, [ 4 ] but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry ...
The market structure determines the price formation method of the market. Suppliers and Demanders (sellers and buyers) will aim to find a price that both parties can accept creating a equilibrium quantity. Market definition is an important issue for regulators facing changes in market structure, which needs to be determined. [1]
A variety of factors can lead to missing markets: A classic example of a missing market is the case of an externality like pollution, where decision makers are not responsible for some of the consequences of their actions. When a factory discharges polluted water into a river, that pollution can hurt people who fish in or get their drinking ...
Nöldeke and Schmidt (1995) argued that the underinvestment problem due to the hold-up problem is eliminated if parties are able to write a simple option contract. Such a contract gives the seller the right but not the obligation to deliver a fixed quantity of the good and also makes the contractual payment of the buyer dependent on the ...
As usual, the United States was the country with the largest insurance market with $2.959 trillion (43.6%) of direct premiums written, with the People's Republic of China coming in second at only $697 billion (10.3%), Japan coming in third at $337 billion (5.0%), and the United Kingdom coming in fourth at $363 billion (5.4%). [63]
National economies can also be classified as developed markets or developing markets. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services, with or without money, is a transaction. [1]