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Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics, Glynn Custred and Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed, thereby banning affirmative action in the state's public sector.
Therefore, Proposition 209 banned the use of race- and gender-based affirmative action in California's public sector and public university admissions. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The legislatively referred state constitutional amendment was originally introduced as California Assembly Constitutional Amendment No. 5 (ACA 5) by Democratic Assembly Members ...
Nine states in the United States have banned race-based affirmative action: California (1996), Washington (1998, rescinded 2022 [20]), Florida (1999), Michigan (2006), Nebraska (2008), Arizona (2010), New Hampshire (2012), Oklahoma (2012), and Idaho (2020). Florida's ban was via an executive order and New Hampshire and Idaho's bans were passed ...
State-level bans on using race-based affirmative action in Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Washington have already given the country a glimpse ...
California's Proposition 209, an anti-affirmative action law, never did "level the playing field"; instead it reinforced historic patterns of discrimination.
Check out CNN’s Affirmative Action Fast Facts for some background information about affirmative action as well as a few notable Supreme Court court cases.
Banning affirmative action in the public sector (employment, education, etc.) Proposition 215 (1996) Passed: Legalizing medical marijuana under California law. Proposition 218 (1996) Passed: Right to vote on local taxes; assessment and property-related fee reforms; initiative power expansion in regard to local revenue reduction or repeal.
Students and others gather at Harvard University’s Science Center Plaza to rally in support of affirmative action after the Supreme Court ruling on July 1, 2023, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.