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The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO − 3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate [9]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO 3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na +) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO 3 −). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum , among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [ 1 ]
Raised levels of acid bind to bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide through the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation resulting in metabolic acidosis. In these conditions, bicarbonate concentrations decrease by acting as a buffer against the increased presence of acids (as a result of the underlying condition).
Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance.Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes: increased acid production, loss of bicarbonate, and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids. [5]
In the case of citric acid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to 7.5. Calculation of the pH with a polyprotic acid requires a speciation calculation to be performed. In the case of citric acid, this entails the solution of the two equations of mass balance:
Molten salts can also be electrolytes as, for example, when sodium chloride is molten, the liquid conducts electricity. In particular, ionic liquids, which are molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, [15] are a type of highly conductive non-aqueous electrolytes and thus have found more and more applications in fuel cells and batteries. [16]
Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base. H 2 O + H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + + HO −. The bicarbonate ion, HCO − 3, is amphoteric as it can act as either an acid or a base: As an acid, losing a proton: HCO − 3 + OH − ⇌ CO 2− 3 ...