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The right of self-defense (also called, when it applies to the defense of another, alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for people to use reasonable or defensive force, for the purpose of defending one's own life (self-defense) or the lives of others, including, in certain circumstances, the use of ...
In the United States, different theories, most important "alter ego" or "instrumentality rule", attempted to create a piercing standard. Mostly, they rest upon three basic prongs—namely: [42] "unity of interest and ownership": the separate personalities of the shareholder and corporation cease to exist,
Attachment may extend to a co-defendant or a third party, and can include guarantors and alter egos of the original vessel owner. [16] [17] Where the underlying claim is subject to foreign law and will be litigated or arbitrated in a foreign proceeding, federal maritime law governs whether Rule B attachment will be applicable. [18]
Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 is a famous decision by the House of Lords on the ability to impose liability upon a corporation.The decision expands upon the earlier decision in Salomon v Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22 and first introduced the "alter ego" theory of corporate liability.
South Carolina also has the "alter-ego" clause with respect to the defense of others, under which a person who uses deadly force to defend a friend, relative or bystander will be allowed the benefit of the plea of self-defense if that plea would have been available to the person requiring assistance if they had been the one who used deadly force.
Agency law in the United Kingdom is a component of UK commercial law, and forms a core set of rules necessary for the smooth functioning of business. Agency law is primarily governed by the Common law and to a lesser extent by statutory instruments. In 1986, the European Communities enacted Directive 86/653/EEC on self-employed commercial agents.
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Freedland 'The Rule Against Delegation and the Carltona Doctrine in an Agency Context' [1996] Public Law 19; Freedland 'Privatising Carltona: Part II of the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994' [1995] Public Law 21; Lanham 'Delegation and the Alter Ego Principle' (1984) 100 Law Quarterly Review 587