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  2. Recursive data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_data_type

    This definition is more compact, but somewhat messier: a tree consists of a pair of one type and a list another, which require disentangling to prove results about. In Standard ML , the tree and forest data types can be mutually recursively defined as follows, allowing empty trees: [ 1 ]

  3. For loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_loop

    The loop body is executed "for" the given values of the loop variable. This is more explicit in ALGOL versions of the for statement where a list of possible values and increments can be specified. In Fortran and PL/I, the keyword DO is used for the same thing and it is named a do-loop; this is different from a do while loop.

  4. Foreach loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop

    In Raku, a sister language to Perl, for must be used to traverse elements of a list (foreach is not allowed). The expression which denotes the collection to loop over is evaluated in list-context, but not flattened by default, and each item of the resulting list is, in turn, aliased to the loop variable(s). List literal example:

  5. Off-by-one error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-by-one_error

    The correct number of sections for a fence is n − 1 if the fence is a free-standing line segment bounded by a post at each of its ends (e.g., a fence between two passageway gaps), n if the fence forms one complete, free-standing loop (e.g., enclosure accessible by surmounting, such as a boxing ring), or n + 1 if posts do not occur at the ends ...

  6. Fold (higher-order function) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)

    Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...

  7. Comparison of programming languages (array) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming...

    In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also supported.

  8. Comparison of programming languages (associative array)

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming...

    The arrays are heterogeneous: a single array can have keys of different types. PHP's associative arrays can be used to represent trees, lists, stacks, queues, and other common data structures not built into PHP. An associative array can be declared using the following syntax:

  9. Recursion (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)

    C, Java, and Python are notable mainstream languages in which all function calls, including tail calls, may cause stack allocation that would not occur with the use of looping constructs; in these languages, a working iterative program rewritten in recursive form may overflow the call stack, although tail call elimination may be a feature that ...