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For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract, a probe is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during a procedure called esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer , esophageal cancer , and gastric cancer , as well as benign tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Early development of impedance planimetry for evaluating the gastrointestinal tract began in the 1980s. [6] FLIP was first developed with a short balloon catheter, which measures distension across the esophagogastric junction. [7] A second generation device was later released, which measures secondary peristalsis proximal to the EGJ. [7]
It is also often called just upper endoscopy, upper GI, or even just endoscopy; because EGD is the most commonly performed type of endoscopy, the ambiguous term endoscopy is sometimes informally used to refer to EGD by default. The term gastroscopy literally focuses on the stomach alone, but in practice, the usage overlaps.
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the kidneys, [1] liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and abdominal aorta.If Doppler ultrasonography is added, the blood flow inside blood vessels can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for renal artery stenosis).
A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. [6] Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. [4]
Endoscopic findings may include a hiatal hernia, esophagitis, strictures, tumors, or masses. [2] Increased pressure at the LES over time may result in an epiphrenic diverticulum. [2] Further evaluation for mechanical causes of obstruction may include CT scans, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasound. [2]
In gastrointestinal endoscopy, narrow-band imaging has found use in the identification of Barrett's esophagus, [3] in the identification of pit patterns to classify colorectal polyps and tumours, [4] and in the identification of atypical dysplastic cells in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis. [5]
Local excision or destruction of lesion or tissue of stomach ( 43.5 ) Partial gastrectomy with anastomosis to esophagus ( 43.6 ) Partial gastrectomy with anastomosis to duodenum