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A good, service or resource that is unable to prevent or exclude non-paying consumers from experiencing or using it can be considered non-excludable. An architecturally pleasing building, such as Tower Bridge , creates an aesthetic non-excludable good, which can be enjoyed by anyone who happens to look at it.
A private good is defined in economics as "an item that yields positive benefits to people" [1] that is excludable, i.e. its owners can exercise private property rights, preventing those who have not paid for it from using the good or consuming its benefits; [2] and rivalrous, i.e. consumption by one necessarily prevents that of another.
Road is public good whenever there is no congestion, thus the use of the road does not affect the use of someone else. However, if the road is congested, one more person driving the car makes the road more crowded which causes slower passage. In other words, it creates a negative externality and road becomes common good. [1]
This is sometimes used interchangeably with private good. [17] An example would be a cellphone as it only one person may use it, making it rivalrous, and it has to be purchased, which makes it excludable. Common property or collective property is excludable and rivalrous. Not to be confused with common property in reference to economics, this ...
In economics, a public good (also referred to as a social good or collective good) [1] is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Use by one person neither prevents access by other people, nor does it reduce availability to others. [1] Therefore, the good can be used simultaneously by more than one person. [2]
Indeed, if non-payers can be excluded by some mechanism, the good may be transformed into a club good (e.g. if an overused, congested public road is converted to a toll road, or if a free public museum turns into a private, admission fee-charging museum). Free riders become a problem when non-excludable goods are also rivalrous.
This 2019 Wikimania submission discusses how the concept of a public good has evolved into that of a digital public good: . A public good is a good that is both non-excludable (no one can be prevented from consuming this good) and non-rivalrous (the consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to others).
In traditional usage, a pure global public good is a good that has the three following properties: [2] It is non-rivalrous. Consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to other agents. It is non-excludable. It is impossible to prevent anyone from consuming that good. It is available more-or-less worldwide.