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The scale of dBZ values can be seen along the bottom of the image. dBZ is a logarithmic dimensionless technical unit used in radar. It is mostly used in weather radar, to compare the equivalent reflectivity factor (Z) of a remote object (in mm 6 per m 3) to the return of a droplet of rain with a diameter of 1 mm (1 mm 6 per m 3). [1]
Radar cross-section (RCS), denoted σ, also called radar signature, is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected. [1] An object reflects a limited amount of radar energy back to the source. The factors that influence this include: [1] the material with which the target is made;
A tornadic debris signature (TDS), often colloquially referred to as a debris ball, [1] is an area of high reflectivity on weather radar caused by debris lofting into the air, usually associated with a tornado. [1] [2] A TDS may also be indicated by dual-polarization radar products, designated as a polarimetric tornado debris signature (PTDS).
The presence of a hail spike in the reflectivity pattern is an important clue. It is an area of weak reflectivity extending away from the radar immediately behind a thunderstorm with hail. It is caused by radiation from the radar bouncing from hailstone to hailstone or the ground before being reflected back to the radar.
Weather radar in Norman, Oklahoma with rainshaft Weather (WF44) radar dish University of Oklahoma OU-PRIME C-band, polarimetric, weather radar during construction. Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar (WSR) and Doppler weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, and estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc.).
A plan position indicator (PPI) is a type of radar display that represents the radar antenna in the center of the display, with the distance from it and height above ground drawn as concentric circles. As the radar antenna rotates, a radial trace on the PPI sweeps in unison with it about the center point. It is the most common type of radar ...
In the composite reflectivity product, the highest intensities among those available on the different angles above each point in the image will be displayed. It is a radar product created to compare low-level reflectivity with total reflectivity in the air column in order to identify certain cloud characteristics or artifacts in radar data. [1]
Optical cross section of a flat mirror with a given reflectivity at a particular wavelength () can be expressed by the formula = Where is the cross sectional diameter of the beam. Note that the direction of the light has to be perpendicular to the mirror surface for this formula to be valid, else the return from the mirror would no longer go ...