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protocol: A transport protocol, e.g., TCP, UDP, raw IP. This means that (local or remote) endpoints with TCP port 53 and UDP port 53 are distinct sockets, while IP does not have ports. A socket that has been connected to another socket, e.g., during the establishment of a TCP connection, also has a remote socket address.
The internet layer software encapsulates each TCP segment into an IP packet by adding a header that includes (among other data) the destination IP address. When the client program on the destination computer receives them, the TCP software in the transport layer re-assembles the segments and ensures they are correctly ordered and error-free as ...
The following example show how a TCP/IP protocol stack might be defined using Construct. Some code is omitted for brevity and simplicity. Also note that the following code is just Python code that creates objects. First, the Ethernet header (layer 2):
The protocols in use today in this layer for the Internet all originated in the development of TCP/IP. In the OSI model the transport layer is often referred to as Layer 4, or L4, [2] while numbered layers are not used in TCP/IP. The best-known transport protocol of the Internet protocol suite is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Programming a TCP client application involves the following steps: Creating a TCP socket. Connecting to the server ( connect() ), by passing a sockaddr_in structure with the sin_family set to AF_INET , sin_port set to the port the endpoint is listening (in network byte order), and sin_addr set to the IP address of the listening server (also in ...
TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses, [ 1 ] However, many unofficial uses of both well-known and registered port ...
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model.This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family.Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
Some application layer protocols, including HTTP/1.1 (and its non-standardized predecessors), FTP, SMTP, POP3, and SIP, use text-based "Field: Value" pairs formatted according to RFC 2822. ( HTTP represents length of payload with a Content-Length header and separates headers from the payload with an empty line and headers from each other with a ...