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The three axes of rotation in an aircraft. Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of gravity (cg), known as pitch, roll and yaw.
The position of all three axes, with the right-hand rule for describing the angle of its rotations. An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail.
A yaw will obtain the bearing, a pitch will yield the elevation, and; a roll gives the bank angle. Therefore, in aerospace they are sometimes called yaw, pitch, and roll. Notice that this will not work if the rotations are applied in any other order or if the airplane axes start in any position non-equivalent to the reference frame.
The vertical axis passes through an aircraft from top to bottom. Rotation about this axis is called yaw. [3] Yaw changes the direction the aircraft's nose is pointing, left or right. The primary control of yaw is with the rudder. Ailerons also have a secondary effect on yaw as the wing with more lift experiences more drag.
AI with pitch and roll reference lines (left) and the AI relationship to aircraft orientation (right) The attitude indicator ( AI ), also known as the gyro horizon or artificial horizon , is a flight instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon , and gives an immediate indication of the smallest ...
"X" or "x" axis runs from back to front along the body, called the Roll Axis. "Y" or "y" axis runs left to right along the wing, called the Pitch Axis. "Z" or "z" runs from top to bottom, called the Yaw Axis. Two slightly different alignments of these axes are used depending on the situation: "body-fixed axes", and "stability axes".
First-person shooter (FPS) games generally provide five degrees of freedom: forwards/backwards, slide left/right, up/down (jump/crouch/lie), yaw (turn left/right), and pitch (look up/down). If the game allows leaning control, then some consider it a sixth DOF; however, this may not be completely accurate, as a lean is a limited partial rotation.
Upon completing the roll, the nose will usually be 10 to 30 degrees below the horizon, so the pilot will need to pitch-up to return to level flight. [3] An aileron roll is an unbalanced maneuver. [1] As the roll begins, the aircraft will have a tendency to yaw away from the angle of bank, referred to as "adverse yaw." The pilot will usually ...