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Most IAL writing systems use only letters from the ISO basic Latin alphabet, but there are some exceptions. Volapük originally had three additional letters ꞛ, ꞝ, and ꞟ, devised by Schleyer himself. However, they have never been used much. They were replaced with vowels with Umlaut: ä, ö and ü.
Words ending in -ica/-ico, -ide/-ido and -ula/-ulo, are stressed on the third-last syllable (politica, scientifico, rapide, stupido, capitula, seculo 'century'). Words ending in -ic are stressed on the second-last syllable (cubic). Speakers may pronounce all words according to the general rule mentioned above.
Several sounds, e.g. /n/, /m/, /t/, /f/ are written with the same letter as in IPA. Some consonant sounds found in several Latin-script IAL alphabets are not represented by an ISO 646 letter in IPA. Three have a single letter in IPA, one has a widespread alternative taken from ISO 646: /ʃ/ (U+0283, IPA 134) /ʒ/ (U+0292, IPA 135)
So the most frequent words have just one letter (Teach Yourself Dutton Speedwords, 1951, page 5). Structure the vocabulary around high frequency words. A 1,000 word vocabulary handles 85% of daily conversation while a 3,000 word vocabulary handles 98% of daily conversation so Speedwords only needs a simple rule for 2% of its vocabulary.
The resulting words of the rearrangement are marked with gershayim. When listing the letters themselves. For example, ְמְנַצְפַּ״ך menatzpach lists all the Hebrew letters having special final forms at the ends of words. When spelling out a letter. In this way, אַלֶ״ף spells out alef א, and יוּ״ד spells out yud י.
An inflectional ending is available as a shorthand for the simple past tense. A major difference between Novial and Esperanto/Ido concerns noun endings. Jespersen rejected a single vowel to terminate all nouns (-o in Esperanto/Ido), finding it unnatural and potentially confusing. [9] Instead, Novial nouns may end in -o, -a, -e, or -u or -um.
The same letter (or sequence of letters) may be pronounced differently when occurring in different positions within a word. For instance, gh represents /f/ at the end of some words (tough / t ʌ f /) but not in others (plough / p l aʊ /). At the beginning of syllables, gh is pronounced /ɡ/, as in ghost / ɡ oʊ s t /.
Certain words, like piñata, jalapeño and quinceañera, are usually kept intact. In many instances the ñ is replaced with the plain letter n. In words of German origin (e.g. doppelgänger), the letters with umlauts ä, ö, ü may be written ae, oe, ue. [14] This could be seen in many newspapers during World War II, which printed Fuehrer for ...