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Several different religions are practised in Indonesia. Indonesia is officially a presidential republic and a unitary state without an established state religion. [3] [4] The first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, requires its citizens to state the belief in "the one and almighty God".
Tazkiyah (Arabic: تزكية) is an Arabic-Islamic term alluding to tazkiyat al-nafs, meaning 'sanctification' or 'purification of the self'. This refers to the process of transforming the nafs (carnal self or desires) from its state of self-centrality through various spiritual stages towards the level of purity and submission to the will of God. [1]
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Islam – voluntary submission to God, expressed in practicing the five pillars of islam. Iman – belief in the six articles of faith. Ihsan – attaining perfection or excellence in the deployment of righteousness on Earth. This includes doing good things for the benefit of others, such as supporting the oppressed and vulnerable.
In a wider sense, batin is the inner meaning or reality behind all existence, the zahir being the world of form and the apparent meaning. [ 7 ] A grounding feature of Ismailism is the co-existence of the physical and the spiritual, the zahir (exoteric) form and the batin (esoteric) essence.
In D. Bourchier and J. Legge (Eds.), Democracy in Indonesia: 1950s and 1990s (pp.143-150). Clayton: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. Bush, R. (2009). Nadhlatul Ulama & the Struggle for Power within Islam & Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. Feener, M. (2007). Muslim Legal Thought in Modern Indonesia. New ...
[Quran 12:53] Islam emphasizes the importance of fighting the inciting nafs in Quran [13] as well as in hadith. One tradition holds that Muhammad said after returning from a war, "We now return from the small struggle (Jihad Asghar) to the big struggle (Jihad Akbar)". His companions asked, "O prophet of God, what is the big struggle?" He ...
The Cultural Atlas of Islam is a reference work by Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi and Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, published posthumously in 1986. The book provides an extensive overview of Islamic civilization, covering various aspects such as history, geography, culture, art, and science. It aims to contribute to the understanding of the diverse heritage of ...