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Post-mastectomy pain syndrome is a chronic neuropathic pain that usually manifests as continuous pain in the arm, axilla, chest wall, and breast region. [3] Pain is most likely to start after surgery, [3] although adjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, may sometimes cause new symptoms to appear. [4]
As more young people are diagnosed with breast cancer, they worry about returning stage 4, metastatic breast cancer. Experts share emerging research, what's known.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The rate of cancer recurrence is determined by many factors, including age, sex, cancer type, treatment duration, stage of advancement, grade of original tumor, and cancer-specific risk factors. [2] [3] [4] If recurrent cancer has already moved to other body parts or has developed chemo-resistance then it may be more aggressive than original ...
Aesthetic flat closure is the surgical work required to produce a smooth flat chest wall contour after the removal of one or both breasts, including obliteration of the inframammary fold and excision of excess lateral tissue (to avoid "dog ears.") [17] [18] It is defined by the National Cancer Institute as the following: "A type of surgery that ...
Noncyclical breast pain has various causes and is harder to diagnose and frequently the root cause is outside the breast. Some degree of non-cyclical breast tenderness can normally be present due to hormonal changes in puberty (both in girls and boys), in menopause and during pregnancy. [5] After pregnancy, breast pain can be caused by ...
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. [1] [2] In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer choose to have the operation as a preventive measure. [1]
Many others, when speaking to Yahoo Life through breast cancer and "going flat" Facebook groups, as well as at Sunday's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer walk in New York City (one of many that ...
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