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2. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

   In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements. For example, in the conditional statement: "If P then Q ", Q is necessary for P, because the truth of Q is guaranteed by the truth of P. (Equivalently, it is impossible to have P without Q, or the ...

3. Wason selection task - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wason_selection_task

   The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. [1][2][3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4] An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other.

4. Conditional (computer programming) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(computer...

   Conditional (computer programming) In computer science, conditionals (that is, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs) are programming language constructs that perform different computations or actions or return different values depending on the value of a Boolean expression, called a condition.

5. If and only if - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if

   Wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon (although, as noted above, if is more often used than iff in statements of definition).

6. Contraposition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition

   Contraposition. In logic and mathematics, contraposition, or transposition, refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as § Proof by contrapositive. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped.

7. First-order logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

   Existential generalization / instantiation. First-order logic —also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic —is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences ...

8. Ternary conditional operator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator

   The detailed semantics of "the" ternary operator as well as its syntax differs significantly from language to language. A top level distinction from one language to another is whether the expressions permit side effects (as in most procedural languages) and whether the language provides short-circuit evaluation semantics, whereby only the selected expression is evaluated (most standard ...

9. Modus ponens - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens

   In propositional logic, modus ponens (/ ˈmoʊdəs ˈpoʊnɛnz /; MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens (from Latin 'method of putting by placing'), [1] implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, [2] is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. [3] It can be summarized as " P implies Q. P is true. Therefore, Q must also be ...