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Upon exercise, a put option is valued at K-S if it is "in-the-money", otherwise its value is zero. Prior to exercise, an option has time value apart from its intrinsic value. The following factors reduce the time value of a put option: shortening of the time to expire, decrease in the volatility of the underlying, and increase of interest rates.
The intrinsic value (or "monetary value") of an option is its value assuming it were exercised immediately. Thus if the current price of the underlying security (or commodity etc.) is above the agreed price, a call has positive intrinsic value (and is called "in the money"), while a put has zero intrinsic value (and is "out of the money").
A put option is out-of-the-money if the underlying's spot price is higher than the strike price. As shown in the below equations and graph, the intrinsic value (IV) of a call option is positive when the underlying asset's spot price S exceeds the option's strike price K. Value of a call option: [(),], or () + Value of a put option: [(),], or () +
Because the values of option contracts depend on a number of different variables in addition to the value of the underlying asset, they are complex to value. There are many pricing models in use, although all essentially incorporate the concepts of rational pricing (i.e. risk neutrality), moneyness, option time value and put–call parity.
In fact, typically, the literal first derivative w.r.t. time of an option's value is a positive number. The change in option value is typically negative because the passage of time is a negative number (a decrease to , time to expiry). However, by convention, practitioners usually prefer to refer to theta exposure ("decay") of a long option as ...
A call option would normally be exercised only when the strike price is below the market value of the underlying asset, while a put option would normally be exercised only when the strike price is above the market value. When an option is exercised, the cost to the option holder is the strike price of the asset acquired plus the premium, if any ...
From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Roger N. Farah joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -19.9 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.
In fact, the Black–Scholes formula for the price of a vanilla call option (or put option) can be interpreted by decomposing a call option into an asset-or-nothing call option minus a cash-or-nothing call option, and similarly for a put—the binary options are easier to analyze, and correspond to the two terms in the Black–Scholes formula.