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Upon exercise, a put option is valued at K-S if it is "in-the-money", otherwise its value is zero. Prior to exercise, an option has time value apart from its intrinsic value. The following factors reduce the time value of a put option: shortening of the time to expire, decrease in the volatility of the underlying, and increase of interest rates.
A put option is out-of-the-money if the underlying's spot price is higher than the strike price. As shown in the below equations and graph, the intrinsic value (IV) of a call option is positive when the underlying asset's spot price S exceeds the option's strike price K. Value of a call option: [(),], or () + Value of a put option: [(),], or () +
The intrinsic value (or "monetary value") of an option is its value assuming it were exercised immediately. Thus if the current price of the underlying security (or commodity etc.) is above the agreed price, a call has positive intrinsic value (and is called "in the money"), while a put has zero intrinsic value (and is "out of the money").
Because the values of option contracts depend on a number of different variables in addition to the value of the underlying asset, they are complex to value. There are many pricing models in use, although all essentially incorporate the concepts of rational pricing (i.e. risk neutrality), moneyness, option time value and put–call parity.
In fact, typically, the literal first derivative w.r.t. time of an option's value is a positive number. The change in option value is typically negative because the passage of time is a negative number (a decrease to , time to expiry). However, by convention, practitioners usually prefer to refer to theta exposure ("decay") of a long option as ...
That is, the value of an option is due to the convexity of the ultimate payout: one has the option to buy an asset or not (in a call; for a put it is an option to sell), and the ultimate payout function (a hockey stick shape) is convex – "optionality" corresponds to convexity in the payout.
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See also Bond option: Embedded options, for further detail. Price of puttable bond = Price of straight bond + Price of put option. Price of a puttable bond is always higher than the price of a straight bond because the put option adds value to an investor; [3] [4] Yield on a puttable bond is lower than the yield on a straight bond. [5]