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A different, but related, set of environmental pressures arose in the 1970s and 1980s among the rice-growing peasants living in the plains and valleys. Rising population densities and the consequent demand for arable land gave rise to serious soil erosion , deforestation due to the need for firewood , and depletion of soil nutrients.
Indonesia is a transcontinental country in Southeast Asia and Oceania.. The environment of Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands scattered over both sides of the equator. [1] [2] Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil.
Low elevation coastal zones and population density in Jakarta.The city is one of the world's most vulnerable cities to the impacts of climate change.. Due to its geographical and natural diversity, Indonesia is one of the countries most susceptible to the impacts of climate change. [1]
Indonesia's volcanology agency had warned since 2011 that it was unsafe to climb the country's active Marapi volcano, the organisation's chief said, days after the peak erupted and killed 13 ...
Borneo, the third largest island in the world, divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, was once covered by dense tropical and subtropical rainforests. In the 1980s and 1990s, the forests of Borneo were levelled at a rate unprecedented in human history, burned, logged and cleared, and commonly replaced with agriculture.
This figure excludes a number of damages that are especially difficult to measure or to value in monetary terms, such as loss of human life, long-term health impacts, and some biodiversity losses. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere, which is between 13 ...
Indonesia's tropical forests and peatlands are of national and global ecological, climatic and socioeconomic importance. [7] Researchers have recognised the importance of Indonesian conservation in climate change mitigation , given it possesses the largest coverage of mangrove forests of any country, which act as a carbon sink .
Environmental issues due to Indonesia's rapid industrialisation process and high population growth, have seen lower priority given to preserving ecosystems. [3] Issues include illegal logging, with resulting deforestation, and a high level of urbanisation, air pollution, garbage management and waste water services also contributing to the forest deterioration.