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A different, but related, set of environmental pressures arose in the 1970s and 1980s among the rice-growing peasants living in the plains and valleys. Rising population densities and the consequent demand for arable land gave rise to serious soil erosion , deforestation due to the need for firewood , and depletion of soil nutrients.
Indonesia's fishing sector contributed 2.77% of the country's GDP in 2021 [55] and employs around 12 million people directly and indirectly. [56] With over 5.8 million km 2 of sea, Indonesia is home to diverse habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries and deep sea which enables diverse fishery activity.
There is a large number of smaller natural disasters in Indonesia each year which often lead to deaths of 10 or 20 people or more. For example, landslides (tanah longsor) are very common in upland areas, especially during the rainy season, and cause much local damage and deaths. [6] Flooding is also a regular problem across many parts of Indonesia.
Indonesia's volcanology agency had warned since 2011 that it was unsafe to climb the country's active Marapi volcano, the organisation's chief said, days after the peak erupted and killed 13 ...
Over 60% of Indonesia’s population live in low-lying coastal areas, including Jakarta, which is particularly at risk, as 40% of the city is below sea-level and is rapidly subsiding, putting a huge number of people at risk of displacement. [10] [12] [13] All of this is likely to affect poorer communities the most.
This figure excludes a number of damages that are especially difficult to measure or to value in monetary terms, such as loss of human life, long-term health impacts, and some biodiversity losses. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere, which is between 13 ...
Ijen and its sulfur mining was featured in the 1991 IMAX film Ring of Fire, and as a topic on the 5th episode of the BBC television documentary Human Planet. In the documentary film War Photographer , journalist James Nachtwey visits Ijen and struggles with noxious fumes while trying to photograph workers.
South and East Asia—especially China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan—and many areas in West Africa have extremely dense human populations that allow little room for natural habitat. Marine areas close to highly populated coastal cities also face degradation of their coral reefs or other marine habitat.