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Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere , from British Columbia to Brazil.
The four-toed salamander can be easily mistaken for the redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus) in the wild. The redback salamander's underbelly has more numerous black markings. Unlike the four-toed salamander, the redback salamander has no constriction at the tail base, and its posterior limbs show five digits. [3]: 241–242
Eurycea longicauda, commonly known as the long-tailed salamander [5] or longtail salamander, [6] is a species of lungless salamander native to the Appalachian Region of the eastern United States. It is a " cave salamander " that frequents twilight zones of caves and also inhabits springs and surrounding forest.
An adult salamander generally resembles a small lizard, having a basal tetrapod body form with a cylindrical trunk, four limbs, and a long tail. Except in the family Salamandridae, the head, body, and tail have a number of vertical depressions in the surface which run from the mid-dorsal region to the ventral area and are known as costal grooves .
The cave salamander is a relatively large lungless salamander, ranging in total length from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in). The tail makes up a significant proportion of the total length, up to 60–65%. [4] Post-metamorphic individuals have orange to reddish orange backs and a pale, unmarked ventral surface.
The northern two-lined salamander is a small salamander, with adults ranging from 65–120 mm in total length. [4] This salamander is yellow or yellowish-brown, with two black stripes running down the back which tends to break up after the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled grayish or brown. [5] The belly is pale yellowish, nearly ...
The three-lined salamander (Eurycea guttolineata) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.It is endemic to the south-eastern United States. [3] This species was classified as a sub-species of long tailed salamanders until DNA sequencing revealed that there was no hybridization between the two species. [4]
The northern slimy salamander is typically an overall black in color, with numerous silvery spots or gold spots across its back. It is usually 12–17 cm (4.7–6.7 in) in total length (including tail), but can grow to 20.6 cm (8.1 in). [4] Males are not easily distinguished from females, though females tend to be slightly larger.