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  2. Ionosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere

    The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric ...

  3. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level.

  4. Mesosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere

    Other metal layers, e.g. iron and potassium, exist in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region as well. Beginning in October 2018, [11] a distinct type of aurora has been identified, originating in the mesosphere. Often referred to as 'dunes' due to their resemblance to sandy ripples on a beach, the green undulating lights extend toward ...

  5. Upper atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_atmosphere

    The mesosphere, which on Earth lies between the altitudes of about 50 and 80 kilometres (31 and 50 mi), sometimes considered part of the "middle atmosphere" rather than the upper atmosphere; The thermosphere, which on Earth lies between the altitudes of about 80 and 700 kilometres (50 and 435 mi)

  6. F region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_region

    The F region of the ionosphere is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist Edward Appleton and New Zealand physicist and meteorologist Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer.

  7. Scientists have spotted unexpected X- and C-shaped ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/scientists-spotted-unexpected-x...

    Satellite data hasn’t always been able to capture the full picture of what’s occurring in the ionosphere, but NASA’s GOLD mission has a bird’s-eye view of the atmospheric layer over the ...

  8. Kennelly–Heaviside layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennelly–Heaviside_layer

    Layers of the ionosphere.The Kennelly–Heaviside layer is the E region. The Heaviside layer, [1] [2] sometimes called the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, [3] [4] named after Arthur E. Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside, is a layer of ionised gas occurring roughly between 90km and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above the ground — one of several layers in the Earth's ionosphere.

  9. TIMED - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMED

    The TIMED (Thermosphere • IonosphereMesosphere • Energetics and Dynamics) mission is dedicated to study the influences that energetics and dynamics of the Sun and humans have on the least explored and understood region of Earth's atmosphere – the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere / Ionosphere (MLTI).