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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcota phylum. It is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification technique.
T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified [1] as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. [2] Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR. [3]
Similar effects are also achieved with mixtures of thermostable DNA polymerases of both types with a mixing ratio of the enzyme activities of type A and B polymerases of 30 to 1, [22] [36] e.g. Herculase [8] and TaqPlus [10] as a commercial mixture of Taq and Pfu polymerase, Expand as a commercial mixture of Taq and Pwo, [37] Expand High ...
The heat-shock response in bacteria helps to stop any damage to the cellular processes in high temperature conditions. In response to high temperatures, heat-shock proteins, including chaperones and proteases are rapidly induced to protect against the denaturation of proteins within the bacteria. [ 9 ]
Psychrophilic extremophiles have the ability to maintain high growth rates and enzyme activity at temperatures even as low as 0°C. This presents the possibility of utilizing enzymes found in these organisms in parallel to how thermophilic organism enzymes are used, but at low temperatures as opposed to high temperatures. [4]
At certain points of the membrane, side chains linked by covalent bonds and a monolayer are found at these points. Thus, the membrane is much more stable and resistant to temperature alterations than the acidic bilayers present in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria. Proteins: denature at elevated temperatures and so also must adapt. Protein ...
In bacteria, competence is closely regulated, and different bacterial species have different competence-related characteristics. Although they share some similarity, the competence proteins generated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are different. [6]