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Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions. [1] [2]
Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. [1] Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, air pollutants and some biological materials.
Membrane attack complex (Terminal complement complex C5b-9) A membrane attack complex attached to a pathogenic cell The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector of the immune system.
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system.
Interleukin-2 is an important immune system regulator necessary for the clone expansion and survival of activated lymphocytes T. Its effects are mediated by the trimer cell surface receptor IL-2a , consisting of the α, β, and γ chains.
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
The lack of naïve T lymphocytes is the cause of low plasticity of the immune system in the elderly. [11] In aging of the immune system is also a decrease in central tolerance and an increase in the number of autoreactive T cells. [12] B cells also have a decreased repertoire of naïve cells and an increase in memory B cells. [13]
The cover to the Project 4.1 Final Report, "Study of Response of Human Beings Accidentally Exposed to Significant Fallout Radiation" Project 4.1 was the designation for a medical study and experimentation conducted by the United States of those residents of the Marshall Islands exposed to radioactive fallout from the 1 March 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, which had an ...