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In Unix shells derived from the original Bourne shell, the first two actions can be further modified by placing a number (the file descriptor) immediately before the character; this will affect which stream is used for the redirection. [5] The Unix standard I/O streams are: [6]
stat() is a Unix system call that returns file attributes about an inode. The semantics of stat() vary between operating systems. As an example, Unix command ls uses this system call to retrieve information on files that includes: atime: time of last access (ls -lu) mtime: time of last modification (ls -l) ctime: time of last status change (ls -lc)
In the calling process the lowest numbered unused file descriptor will be used for the new file descriptor number. When using the dup2() system call it performs the same task as dup() with the exception of using the file descriptor number specified in the newfd variable of the call, in that newfd is adjusted to refer to the oldfd file description.
Here documents are available in many Unix shells. [1] In the following example, text is passed to the tr command (transliterating lower to upper-case) using a here document. This could be in a shell file, or entered interactively at a prompt.
Process substitution can also be used to capture output that would normally go to a file, and redirect it to the input of a process. The Bash syntax for writing to a process is >(command). Here is an example using the tee, wc and gzip commands that counts the lines in a file with wc -l and compresses it with gzip in one pass:
Default PDF and file viewer for GNOME; replaces GPdf. Supports addition and removal (since v3.14), of basic text note annotations. CUPS: Apache License 2.0: No No No Yes Printing system can render any document to a PDF file, thus any Linux program with print capability can produce PDF files Pdftk: GPLv2: No Yes Yes
The common practice of mounting users' home directories via Network File System exposes rlogin to attack by means of fake .rhosts files - this means that any of its security faults automatically plague rlogin. Due to these problems, the r-commands fell into relative disuse (with many Unix and Linux distributions no longer including them by ...
Unix directories do not contain files. Instead, they contain the names of files paired with references to so-called inodes, which in turn contain both the file and its metadata (owner, permissions, time of last access, etc., but no name). Multiple names in the file system may refer to the same file, a feature termed a hard link. [1]