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The reaction of the thermosphere to a large magnetospheric storm is called a thermospheric storm. Since the heat input into the thermosphere occurs at high latitudes (mainly into the auroral regions), the heat transport is represented by the term P 2 0 in eq.(3) is reversed. Also, due to the impulsive form of the disturbance, higher-order terms ...
According to the Big Bang theory, the very early universe was an extremely hot and dense state about 13.8 billion years ago [21] which rapidly expanded. About 380,000 years later the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen—the so-called recombination epoch.
Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Largest-known regular formation in the observable universe. [8] Huge-LQG (2012–2013) 4,000,000,000 [9] [10] [11] Decoupling of 73 quasars. Largest-known large quasar group and the first structure found to exceed 3 billion light-years. "Giant Arc" (2021) 3,300,000,000 [12] Located 9.2 billion light ...
The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater ...
The physical universe is defined as all of space and time [a] (collectively referred to as spacetime) and their contents. [10] Such contents comprise all of energy in its various forms, including electromagnetic radiation and matter, and therefore planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space.
Global geometry: This pertains to the universe's overall shape and structure. The observable universe (of a given current observer) is a roughly spherical region extending about 46 billion light-years in all directions (from that observer, the observer being the current Earth, unless specified otherwise). [3]
The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere. The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height and can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not
The two major modeling centers are the Center for Space Environment Modeling (CSEM) [55] and the Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling (CISM). [56] The Community Coordinated Modeling Center [ 57 ] (CCMC) at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is a facility for coordinating the development and testing of research models, for improving ...