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Saturation mutagenesis is commonly achieved by site-directed mutagenesis PCR with a randomised codon in the primers (e.g. SeSaM) [2] or by artificial gene synthesis, with a mixture of synthesis nucleotides used at the codons to be randomised. [3] Different degenerate codons can be used to encode sets of amino acids. [1]
Saturation (genetic), the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible; Ocean saturation, more than 2.3 billion years ago: see "Great Oxygenation Event" Environmental saturation, environmental resistance to population growth: see "Logistic function" and "Carrying capacity"
Furthermore, saturation effects can lead to a gross underestimation of divergence time. This is mainly attributed to the randomization of the phylogenetic signal with the number of observed sequence mutations and substitutions. The effects of saturation can mask the true amount of divergence time leading to inaccurate phylogenetic trees. [1] [2]
In OMZs oxygen concentration drops to levels <10 nM at the base of the oxycline and can remain anoxic for over 700 m depth. [7] This lack of oxygen can be reinforced or increased due to physical processes changing oxygen supply such as eddy-driven advection, [7] sluggish ventilation, [8] increases in ocean stratification, and increases in ocean temperature which reduces oxygen solubility.
Decline of oxygen saturation to anoxia, measured during the night in Kiel Fjord, Germany. Depth = 5 m Depth = 5 m Oxygen depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence of pollution and eutrophication in which plant nutrients enter a river, lake, or ocean, and phytoplankton blooms are encouraged.
Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2009. [1] International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) standard seawater. Salinity (/ s ə ˈ l ɪ n ɪ t i /) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity).
The "saturation system", "saturation complex" or "saturation spread" typically comprises either an underwater habitat or a surface complex which includesof a living chamber, transfer chamber and submersible decompression chamber, [45] which is commonly referred to in commercial diving and military diving as the diving bell, [46] personnel ...
The equation Ω = [Ca 2+] X [CO 3 2-]/K' sp expresses the CaCO 3 saturation state of seawater. [4] The calcite saturation horizon is where Ω =1; dissolution proceeds slowly below this depth. The lysocline is the depth that this dissolution impacts is again notable, also known as the inflection point with sedimentary CaCO 3 versus various water ...