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By 1833, the Chinese opium trade soared to 30,000 chests. [6] British and American merchants sent opium to warehouses in the free-trade port of Canton, and sold it to Chinese smugglers. [7] [9] In 1834, the EIC's monopoly on British trade with China ceased, and the opium trade burgeoned.
Western and Japanese trade in opium to China (1800s–1940s) Defeat in the First Opium War (1839–1842) by the British and the occupation of Hong Kong. The unequal treaties (in particular, Nanjing, Whampoa, Aigun, and Shimonoseki) Defeat in the Second Opium War (1856–1860) and the sacking and looting of the Old Summer Palace by Anglo-French ...
The vast illegal opium trade resulted in millions of Chinese becoming addicted, and in a drastic reversal of the trade imbalance to favor Europe. This led to the First Opium War of 1840–1843. [10] Delano first went to China at age 24, before the Opium War, to work for Russell & Company, which had pioneered the
In May 1817, he abandoned medicine for trade. Jardine was a resident in China from 1820 to 1839. His early success in Canton as a commercial agent for opium merchants in India led to his admission in 1825 as a partner in Magniac & Co., and by 1826 he controlled that firm's Canton operations.
Francis Blackwell Forbes was born in New York on August 11, 1839, one of three children of the Reverend John Murray Forbes, rector of St. Luke's, New York, and his wife Anne Howell. [1] Forbes was a cousin of John Murray Forbes and is a maternal great-grandfather of 2004 U.S. presidential candidate John Kerry .
In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War. In response to Zexu's actions, in January 1841 the Royal Navy bombarded Chinese positions near Canton and landed troops ashore in several locations.
By the 1830s, Russell & Company had nearly all of the American trade in Chinese opium, but by 1833 lost its lead due to mismanagement. [9] Coolidge was later removed from the organization due to a conflict with another partner, John Cleve Green. [11] In 1839, Coolidge became an agent for the British firm Jardine, Matheson & Company in Canton.
In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor, rejecting proposals to legalise and tax opium, appointed Viceroy of Huguang Lin Zexu to go to Guangzhou to halt the opium trade completely. [7] Lin wrote an open letter to Queen Victoria appealing to her moral responsibility to stop the opium trade, although she never received it.