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An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.
In The Rhetoric of Expertise, E. Johanna Hartelius defines two basic modes of expertise: autonomous and attributed expertise. While an autonomous expert can "possess expert knowledge without recognition from other people," attributed expertise is "a performance that may or may not indicate genuine knowledge."
European Consortium for the Certificate of Attainment in Modern Languages. The international ECL examination system provides a standardised test-system customised to the languages of the EU member states and the EU candidate countries.
It is a version of the German test for immigrants A2-B1revised for Austria. Since 1 July 2011, the proof of German language skills at level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference is required also in Austria for obtaining citizenship.
A domain expert is frequently used in expert systems software development, and there the term always refers to the domain other than the software domain. A domain expert is a person with special knowledge or skills in a particular area of endeavour [8] (e.g. an accountant is an expert in the domain of accountancy).
The prerequisite for participating in self-directed Tandem is a lower intermediate level of language proficiency (lower B1 threshold). The can-do statements outlined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) [ 3 ] provide a clear description of language ability at the B1 threshold [ 4 ] in several European languages.
The Deutsches Wörterbuch (German: [ˌdɔʏtʃəs ˈvœʁtɐbuːx]; "The German Dictionary"), abbreviated DWB, is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language in existence. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Encompassing modern High German vocabulary in use since 1450, it also includes loanwords adopted from other languages into German.
The Zertifikat Deutsch (ZD) is an internationally recognized exam of German language ability. It tests for a level of ability equivalent to level B1 in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) scale. [ 1 ]