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The U.S. biological defense research program exists today, conducting research to develop physical and medical countermeasures to protect service members and civilians from the threat of modern biological warfare. [3] Both the U.S. bio-weapons ban and the BWC restricted any work in the area of biological warfare to defensive in nature.
Countersurveillance refers to measures that are usually undertaken by the public to prevent surveillance, [1] including covert surveillance.Countersurveillance may include electronic methods such as technical surveillance counter-measures, which is the process of detecting surveillance devices.
Primary containment requires using proper storage containers, good microbiological technique, and the use of appropriate safety equipment such as biological safety cabinets. Secondary containment is the protection of the environment external to the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials and is provided by a combination of facility ...
Physical security systems for protected facilities can be intended to: [2] [3] [4] deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, security lighting); detect intrusions, and identify, monitor and record intruders (e.g. security alarms, access control and CCTV systems); trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police);
[11] [12] In 2003, the Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first BSL-4 laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government 's CIRI lab .
The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts. It can be defined as the "successful minimising of the risks that the biological sciences will be deliberately or accidentally misused in a way which causes harm for humans, animals, plants or the environment, including through awareness and understanding of the ...
A countermeasure is a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one. As a general concept, it implies precision and is any technological or tactical solution or system designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process.
Medical countermeasures (MCMs) are products such as biologics and pharmaceutical drugs that can protect from or treat the effects of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack, or in the case of public health emergencies. MCMs can also be used for prevention and diagnosis of symptoms associated with CBRN attacks or threats. [12]