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Condensation reactions likely played major roles in the synthesis of the first biotic molecules including early peptides and nucleic acids.In fact, condensation reactions would be required at multiple steps in RNA oligomerization: the condensation of nucleobases and sugars, nucleoside phosphorylation, and nucleotide polymerization.
Sucrose, a disaccharide formed from condensation of a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose. A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) [1] is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. [2]
Since the reaction requires a free carbonyl group, only "reducing sugars" participate. Sucrose, which is nonreducing, does not form an osazone. A typical reaction showing the formation of an osazone. D-glucose reacts with phenylhydrazine to give glucosazone. The same product is obtained from fructose and mannose.
Glycation of proteins is a frequent occurrence, but in the case of hemoglobin, a nonenzymatic condensation reaction occurs between glucose and the N-end of the beta chain. This reaction produces a Schiff base ( R−N=CHR' , R=beta chain, CHR'=glucose-derived), which is itself converted to 1-deoxyfructose.
When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. [2] Hydrolysis reactions can be the reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join into a larger one and eject a water molecule. Thus hydrolysis adds ...
When combined with glucose (another monosaccharide) through a condensation reaction, the result is a disaccharide called lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli. [13]
Hexoses are extremely important in biochemistry, both as isolated molecules (such as glucose and fructose) and as building blocks of other compounds such as starch, cellulose, and glycosides. Hexoses can form dihexose (like sucrose) by a condensation reaction that makes 1,6-glycosidic bond.
It is a product of the caramelization of glucose. [2] During a starch hydrolysis process for glucose syrup, gentiobiose, which has bitterness, is formed as an undesirable product through the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of two D -glucose molecules. [ 3 ]