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Biofeedback has been shown to be an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines. This form of therapy includes visual or auditory feedback of e.g. EEG or EMG activity. This can help insomnia patients to control their physiological arousal. [4] [38]
It is mainly used for treatment of insomnia. Examples of somnifacients include benzodiazepines, barbiturates and antihistamines. Around 2-6% of adults with insomnia use somnifacients to aid sleep. [2] However, somnifacients only benefit transient or short-term insomnia but not chronic insomnia. [3]
Flunitrazepam, sold under the brand name Rohypnol among others, [3] is a benzodiazepine used to treat severe insomnia and assist with anesthesia. [4] As with other hypnotics, flunitrazepam has been advised to be prescribed only for short-term use or by those with chronic insomnia on an occasional basis.
As of 2008 and 2017, over-the-counter antihistamines were not recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for treatment of chronic insomnia "due to the relative lack of efficacy and safety data". [12] [13] Neither version of their guidelines explicitly included or mentioned doxylamine, although diphenhydramine was discussed.
For treatment of insomnia, benzodiazepines are now less popular than nonbenzodiazepines, which include zolpidem, zaleplon and eszopiclone. [211] Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, but nonetheless, they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects.
In 2005, ramelteon (trade name Rozerem) was the first melatonin agonist to be approved in the United States (US), indicated for insomnia treatment in adults. [58] Melatonin in the form of prolonged release (trade name Circadin ) was approved in 2007 in Europe (EU) for use as a short-term treatment, in patients 55 years and older, for primary ...
The concept of the word insomnia has two distinct possibilities: insomnia disorder (ID) or insomnia symptoms, and many abstracts of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews often underreport on which of these two possibilities the word refers to. [13] Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. [2]
Middle-of-the-night insomnia, or "sleep maintenance insomnia", also called terminal insomnia in contrast with "initial insomnia", is characterized by having difficulty returning to sleep after waking up during the night or very early in the morning. Initial or "sleep-onset" insomnia consists of having difficulty falling asleep at the beginning ...