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RNFL asymmetry has been proposed as a strong indicator of optic neuritis, [7] [8] with one small study proposing that asymmetry of 5–6μm was "a robust structural threshold for identifying the presence of a unilateral optic nerve lesion in MS." [9] Optic neuritis is often associated with multiple sclerosis, and RNFL data may indicate the pace ...
The GDx nerve fiber analyzers measure the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with a scanning laser polarimeter based on the birefringent properties of the RNFL. Measurement is obtained from a band 1.75 disc diameters concentric to the disc. It projects a polarized beam of a light into the eye.
Details of structures vary tremendously from breed to breed, more than in any other animal species, wild or domesticated, [1] as dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head and body, and weighed only ...
Reference ranges (reference intervals ... Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult: 0.2 [84] 0.5 [84] ng/dL 3.1 [86] ... 1.5, [18] 1.8 [15] x10 9 /L Eosinophil ...
~60% [1] 2.2, [3] 2.8 [1] 3.9, [3] 4.4 [1] mmol/L Protein: 15 [1] [2] 40, [4] 45 [1] [2] mg/dL ~1% [1] Albumin: 7.8 [5] 40 [5] mg/dL: 0 [6] - 0.7% [6] - corresponding to an albumin (CSF/serum) quotient of 0 to 7x10 −3: Lactate: 1.1 [1] 2.4 [1] mmol/L Creatinine: 50 [1] 110 [1] μmol/L Phosphorus: 0.4 [1] 0.6 [1] μmol/L Urea: 3.0 [1] 6.5 [1 ...
A Stanford University School of Medicine study published in Science in October, 2007 found the genetics that explain coat colors in other mammals such as in horse coats and in cat coats, did not apply to dogs. [1] The project took samples from 38 different breeds to find the gene (a beta defensin gene) responsible for dog coat color. One ...
Similarly, charcuterie boards should be kept away from pets because the appetizers often have grapes, raisins, and macadamia nuts, "which are extremely toxic to cats and dogs, even in very small ...
[1] It includes the prevertebral muscles (longus colli and longus capitis), vertebral artery, vertebral vein, scalene muscles, phrenic nerve and part of the brachial plexus. [3] In trauma, an increased thickness of the prevertebral space is a sign of injury, and can be measured with medical imaging. [4]