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Mitragynine toxicity in humans is largely unknown, as animal studies show significant species-specific differences in mitragynine tolerance. [5] Mitragynine toxicity in humans is rarely reported although specific examples of seizures and liver toxicity in kratom consumers have been reported.
7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [2] It was first described in 1994 [3] and is a human metabolite metabolized from mitragynine present in the Mitragyna speciosa. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater efficacy.
Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as kratom, have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
No, this isn't an article written for (or by) squirrels – humans can actually eat acorns under certain circumstances. The nuts stem from oak trees, and can actually elicit a mild, nutty flavor.
This law prohibits any ingredients that have been found to cause cancer in either humans or animals, regardless of dose, to be used in food or cosmetics in the U.S. Which brings us to the research ...
As of this writing on January 30, 2025, the Centers for Disease Control reports that there have been 67 reported cases of bird flu in humans in the U.S., with one death since March 2024. It’s ...
An equianalgesic chart can be a useful tool, but the user must take care to correct for all relevant variables such as route of administration, cross tolerance, half-life and the bioavailability of a drug. [5] For example, the narcotic levorphanol is 4–8 times stronger than morphine, but also has a much longer half-life. Simply switching the ...
The market is flooded with calming aids for cats and dogs, but what about our more exotic pets? Stress manifests differently in our scaled, finned, feathered, and little furry (think rodents) friends.