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The four-way valve or four-way cock is a fluid control valve whose body has four ports equally spaced round the valve chamber and the plug has two passages to connect adjacent ports. The plug may be cylindrical or tapered, or a ball.
Flow injection analysis (FIA) was first described by Ruzicka and Hansen in Denmark in 1974 and Stewart and coworkers in United States in 1979. FIA is a popular, simple, rapid, and versatile technique which is a well-established position in modern analytical chemistry, and widespread application in quantitative chemical analysis.
P&IDs are originally drawn up at the design stage from a combination of process flow sheet data, the mechanical process equipment design, and the instrumentation engineering design. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational ...
used to test lung function; video link •Water-seal type-do- •Douglas bag type-do- Peak flow meter or peak expiatory flow rate meter: used to test lung function by testing the rate at which the person can exhale; useful to diagnose COPD and asthma: Mercury or other manometers
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Process analytical technology (PAT) has been defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a mechanism to design, analyze, and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes through the measurement of critical process parameters (CPP) which affect the critical quality attributes (CQA).
The history of discrete sample analysis for the clinical laboratory began with the introduction of the "Robot Chemist" invented by Hans Baruch and introduced commercially in 1959 [1]. The AutoAnalyzer is an early example of an automated chemistry analyzer using a special flow technique named "continuous flow analysis (CFA)", invented in 1957 by ...
Laboratory quality control is designed to detect, reduce, and correct deficiencies in a laboratory's internal analytical process prior to the release of patient results, in order to improve the quality of the results reported by the laboratory.