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Serotonin's presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain, which is a side-effect of serotonin injection. [21] [22] Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebae, causing diarrhea in the human gut. [23] Its widespread presence in many seeds and fruits may serve to stimulate the digestive tract into expelling the seeds.
Serotonin may indirectly influence mood by altering emotional processing biases that are seen at both the cognitive/behavioral and neural level. [40] [39] Pharmacologically reducing serotonin synthesis, and pharmacologically enhancing synaptic serotonin can produce and attenuate negative affective biases, respectively. These emotional ...
Serotonin pathways are thought to modulate eating, both the amount as well as the motor processes associated with eating. The serotonergic projections into the hypothalamus are thought to be particularly relevant, and an increase in serotonergic signaling is thought to generally decrease food consumption (evidenced by fenfluramine , however ...
MDMA is part of the amphetamine family and elicits its positive effects by altering brain serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels. [2] [6] [13] [14] As the drug begins to take effect, the brain becomes flooded with serotonin which can then become depleted within 3–6 hours following consumption. [14]
The 7 general serotonin receptor classes include a total of 14 known serotonin receptors. [9] The 15th receptor 5-HT 1P has been distinguished on the basis of functional and radioligand binding studies, its existence has never been definitely affirmed or refuted. [10] [11] The specific types have been characterized as follows: [12] [13] [14]
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Similar to SSRIs, SNRIs target norepinephrine — a stress chemical in the body — and serotonin. Common SNRIs include venlafaxine (Effexor ...
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
The most commonly reported severe effect following SSRI overdose is serotonin syndrome; serotonin toxicity is usually associated with very high overdoses or multiple drug ingestion. [179] Other reported significant effects include coma, seizures, and cardiac toxicity. [176]