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Predicate transformer semantics were introduced by Edsger Dijkstra in his seminal paper "Guarded commands, nondeterminacy and formal derivation of programs".They define the semantics of an imperative programming paradigm by assigning to each statement in this language a corresponding predicate transformer: a total function between two predicates on the state space of the statement.
Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods , and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods.
An even stronger assumption, known as the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) conjectures that -SAT requires () time, where =. ETH, SETH, and related computational hardness assumptions allow for deducing fine-grained complexity results, e.g. results that distinguish polynomial time and quasi-polynomial time , [ 1 ] or even n 1.99 ...
The general ARMA model was described in the 1951 thesis of Peter Whittle, who used mathematical analysis (Laurent series and Fourier analysis) and statistical inference. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] ARMA models were popularized by a 1970 book by George E. P. Box and Jenkins, who expounded an iterative ( Box–Jenkins ) method for choosing and estimating them.
Adaptive web design is a process of server-side detection that chooses a design layout and size to display. All types of web design layouts can be used, including responsive layout. The adaptive design will serve different versions of the page to different devices based on common screen sizes and resolutions.
This wall is the weakest. Wall 2. The second wall is formed by the thick-walled, lignin-rich cells of the latewood growth ring interior and exterior to the wound, thus slowing the radial spread of decay. This wall is the second weakest, and is continuous except where intersected by ray cells (see next section). Wall 3.
NEW ORLEANS – The phrase Tom Brady repeated to describe his first season as FOX’s No. 1 game analyst: learning curve. “I understand I’m a long ways from being a finished product as a ...
In computer science, best, worst, and average cases of a given algorithm express what the resource usage is at least, at most and on average, respectively. Usually the resource being considered is running time, i.e. time complexity, but could also be memory or some other resource. Best case is the function which performs the minimum number of ...