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Polybius (/ p ə ˈ l ɪ b i ə s /; Ancient Greek: Πολύβιος, Polýbios; c. 200 – c. 118 BC) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.He is noted for his work The Histories, a universal history documenting the rise of Rome in the Mediterranean in the third and second centuries BC.
Carthaginian written records were destroyed along with their capital, Carthage, in 146 BC and so Polybius's account of the First Punic War is based on several, now-lost, Greek and Latin sources. [9] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible personally interviewed participants in the events he wrote about.
Polybius states that the three lines of heavy infantry were equipped with similar weapons and shields, save that the triarii were armed with a heavy thrusting-spear (hasta), while the hastati and principes held two pila (throwing javelins, singular form: pilum), one heavy, the other light. [46]
[note 7] [57] [59] Most of the Carthaginian infantry fought in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx. [58] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands, although it is not clear if any were present at Adys. [57] [60] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at ...
The divergence in equipment and tactics between the traditional Greek Hoplite phalanx and the Macedonian Phalanx is attributed to Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. In set piece battles, the Macedonian Hypaspists were positioned on the flanks of the phalangite 's phalanx; in turn, their own flanks were protected by light ...
Sumerian phalanx-like formation c. 2400 BC, from detail of the victory stele of King Eannatum of Lagash over Umma, called the Stele of the Vultures. The phalanx (pl.: phalanxes or phalanges) [1] was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar polearms tightly packed together.
Phalanx (Ancient Greek: Φάλαγξ, romanized: Phálanx, lit. 'spider') is a minor Attic figure in Greek mythology who features in a lesser-known narrative of the myth of Arachne , the girl who enraged the goddess Athena by boasting of being a better weaver than her and was thus transformed into a spider by Athena.
Battle of Zama Part of the Second Punic War Date 202 BC Location Zama, North Africa (near modern Siliana, Tunisia) 36°17′56″N 9°26′57″E / 36.29889°N 9.44917°E / 36.29889; 9.44917 Result Roman victory Belligerents Rome Carthage Commanders and leaders Publius Cornelius Scipio Hannibal Strength c. 30,000 c. 24,000 infantry c. 6,000 cavalry 40,000 or 50,000 36,000 or 46,000 ...