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(more unsolved problems in physics) In cosmology , the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the substantial disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density (the small value of the cosmological constant ) and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory .
More Magic Triangle image mnemonics in the style of a cheat-sheet for high-school physics – in the SVG file, hover over a symbol for its meaning and formula. This is a categorized list of physics mnemonics .
In solid-state physics, the work function (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the atomic scale, but still too ...
The work per unit of charge is defined by moving a negligible test charge between two points, and is expressed as the difference in electric potential at those points. The work can be done, for example, by electrochemical devices ( electrochemical cells ) or different metals junctions [ clarification needed ] generating an electromotive force .
Assuming the spacing between two ions is a, the potential in the lattice will look something like this: The mathematical representation of the potential is a periodic function with a period a. According to Bloch's theorem, [1] the wavefunction solution of the Schrödinger equation when the potential is periodic, can be written as:
The work of forces generated by a potential function is known as potential energy and the forces are said to be conservative. Therefore, work on an object that is merely displaced in a conservative force field , without change in velocity or rotation, is equal to minus the change of potential energy E p of the object, W = − Δ E p ...
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Their contribution, and the work of others on the renormalisation group – including "substantial" theoretical work by Russian physicists Ludvig Faddeev, Andrei Slavnov, Efim Fradkin, and Igor Tyutin [84] – was eventually "enormously profound and influential", [85] but even with all key elements of the eventual theory published there was ...