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Vaginal bleeding is any expulsion of blood from the vagina. This bleeding may originate from the uterus, vaginal wall, or cervix. [1] Generally, it is either part of a normal menstrual cycle or is caused by hormonal or other problems of the reproductive system, such as abnormal uterine bleeding. Regular monthly vaginal bleeding during the ...
Women are checked often (usually every 4 hours) for signs of infection: fever (more than 38 °C or 100.5 °F), uterine pain, maternal tachycardia, fetal tachycardia, or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. [10] Elevated white blood cells are not a good way to predict infection because they are normally high in labor. [9]
Heavy menstrual bleeding is defined as total menstrual flow >80ml per cycle, soaking a pad/tampon at least every 2 hours, changing a pad/tampon in the middle of the night, or bleeding lasting for >7 days. [3][1][9] Deviations in terms of frequency of menses, duration of menses, or volume of menses qualifies as abnormal uterine bleeding.
During pregnancy, the female body goes through a variety of physical changes, including additional blood in the body, faster heart rate, increased work on the kidneys, deeper breathing, and ...
Maternal Blood Volume. During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [20] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [22] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell ...
Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the ...
Lochia. In the field of obstetrics, lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. [1] Lochia discharge typically continues for four to eight weeks after childbirth, [2] a time known as the postpartum period or puerperium. A 2016 review ties this "lochial period" to worldwide customs of ...
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy. Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange ...