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Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in the developed world. It is a spectrum of disease, ranging from hepatic fat accumulation without inflammation to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver d...
ARLD has 3 stages of liver damage: fatty liver (steatosis), alcohol-related hepatitis (inflammation and necrosis), and alcohol-related cirrhosis. All are caused by chronic heavy alcohol ingestion.
Liver abscesses are purulent collections in the liver parenchyma that result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection. Infection can spread to the liver through the biliary tree, hepatic vein, or portal vein, by extension of an adjacent infection, or as a result of trauma.
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) includes hepatic venous outflow obstruction at any level from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium, regardless of the cause of the obstruction. Classic triad of symptoms is abdominal pain, ascites, and hepatomegaly. Seve...
Splenomegaly generally denotes a palpably enlarged spleen. However, it may also refer to an enlarged spleen detected by an imaging test. It is not uncommon for a radiologist interpreting a chest x-ray to comment that the spleen seems enlarged (usually considered an incidental finding).
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a complication of portal hypertension in the setting of advanced liver disease. HRS is diagnosed when kidney function is reduced but evidence of intrinsic kidney disease is absent. HRS is classified as HRS-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI) or HRS-NAKI (i.e., non-AKI).
Reye syndrome is defined as acute encephalopathy with hepatic dysfunction stemming from mitochondrial damage. Etiology remains unknown, but viral infections, exogenous toxins, drugs, and inborn errors of metabolism have been implicated.
Carotid revascularisation of moderate- or high-grade recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis prevents future stroke. The benefit of revascularisation for asymptomatic stenosis is less certain.
Cirrhosis is the pathological end-stage of any chronic liver disease and most commonly results from chronic hepatitis B and C, alcohol-related liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in the developed world. It is a spectrum of disease, ranging from hepatic fat accumulation without inflammation to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver d...