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Furosemide is primarily used for the treatment of edema, but also in some cases of hypertension (where there is also kidney or heart impairment). [14] It is often viewed as a first-line agent in most people with edema caused by congestive heart failure because of its anti-vasoconstrictor and diuretic effects.
Amiloride is often used together with another diuretic, such as a thiazide or loop diuretic. [2] It is taken by mouth. [1] Onset of action is about two hours and it lasts for about a day. [2] Common side effects include high blood potassium, vomiting, loss of appetite, rash, and headache. [1]
The thiazide diuretics also deplete circulating potassium unless combined with a potassium-sparing diuretic or supplemental potassium. Some authors have challenged thiazides as first line treatment. [55] [56] [57] However, as the Merck Manual of Geriatrics notes, "thiazide-type diuretics are especially safe and effective in the elderly." [58]
Loop diuretics are 90% bonded to proteins and are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule through organic anion transporter 1 (OAT-1), OAT-2, and ABCC4.Loop diuretics act on the Na +-K +-2Cl − symporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium, chloride and potassium reabsorption.
For potassium-sparing diuretics, its common side effects include hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and sexual dysfunction specifically for spironolactone. [4] [5] The use of diuretics should be avoided in patients with severe dehydration, anuria (absence of urine production). [4]
A diuretic (/ ˌ d aɪ j ʊ ˈ r ɛ t ɪ k /) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys ...
Potassium-sparing diuretics or antikaliuretics [1] refer to drugs that cause diuresis without causing potassium loss in the urine. [2] They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension , cirrhosis , and congestive heart failure . [ 3 ]
Effects generally begin within three hours and last for up to three days. [2] Long-term treatment with chlortalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for prevention of heart attack or stroke. [5] Common adverse effects include low blood potassium, low blood sodium, high blood sugar, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction.
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