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CRISPR RNA or crRNA is a RNA transcript from the CRISPR locus. [1] CRISPR-Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - CRISPR associated systems) is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea to protect against mobile genetic elements , like viruses , plasmids , and transposons . [ 2 ]
Experimental work by several groups revealed the basic mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas immunity. In 2007, the first experimental evidence that CRISPR was an adaptive immune system was published. [6] [12] A CRISPR region in Streptococcus thermophilus acquired spacers from the DNA of an infecting bacteriophage.
CRISPR/Cas13a (formerly C2c2 [18]) from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii is an RNA-guided CRISPR system that targets sequences in RNA rather than DNA. PAM is not relevant for an RNA-targeting CRISPR, although a guanine flanking the target negatively affects efficacy, and has been designated a "protospacer flanking site" (PFS).
In molecular biology, trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) is a small trans-encoded RNA. It was first discovered by Emmanuelle Charpentier in her study of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes , a type of bacteria that causes harm to humanity. [ 1 ]
See: Guide RNA, CRISPR. Complementary base pairing between the sgRNA and genomic DNA allows targeting of Cas9 or dCas9. A small guide RNA (sgRNA), or gRNA is an RNA with around 20 nucleotides used to direct Cas9 or dCas9 to their targets. gRNAs contain two major regions of importance for CRISPR systems: the scaffold and spacer regions.
CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced / ˈ k r ɪ s p ə r / (crisper), refers to a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified.
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Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.