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Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, [1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength , breaking strength , maximum elongation and reduction in area. [ 2 ]
The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen.However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.
The traditional measure unit for strength are therefore MPa in the International System of Units, and the psi between the United States customary units. Strength parameters include: yield strength, tensile strength, fatigue strength, crack resistance, and other parameters. [citation needed]
It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material , such as the Young's modulus , the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength .
Typical lectromechanical Universal Testing Machine Test fixture for three point flex test. A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, [1] universal tensile machine, materials testing machine, materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength (pulling) and compressive strength (pushing), flexural strength, bending, shear, hardness, and torsion testing ...
For example, with rubber, tear resistance measures how the test specimen resists the growth of any cuts when under tension, it is usually expressed in kN/m. [2] Tear resistance can be gauged via the same ASTM D 412 apparatus used to measure tensile strength, modulus and elongation.
1940s flexural test machinery working on a sample of concrete Test fixture on universal testing machine for three-point flex test. The three-point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain and the flexural stress–strain response of the material.
The specific strength is a material's (or muscle's) strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-weight ratio or strength/weight ratio or strength-to-mass ratio. In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength.